What is Perchloroethylene?
Perchloroethylene, also known as tetrachloroethylene or PCE, is a highly versatile, volatile, and stable solvent widely used in various industries. It is a non-flammable solvent primarily used for cleaning, degreasing, and in chemical production due to its ability to dissolve organic materials. Its most notable application is in the dry cleaning industry, though it is also used in automotive and metallurgical sectors.
Key Properties of Tetrachloroethene (PCE)
Perchloroethylene's unique chemical properties make it an invaluable solvent across several industries. Below are its main characteristics
Physical and Chemical Properties:
- Non-flammable: PCE has no measurable flash point, making it safer than petroleum-based solvents.
- Volatility: While highly volatile, its evaporation rate is lower than other solvents at room temperature.
- Environmental impact: It does not deplete the ozone layer, and its use is approved by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) as an alternative to ozone-depleting substances.
- Appearance: PCE is a colorless, volatile liquid heavier than water, and is practically insoluble in water.
- Stability: It is sensitive to light and UV radiation, which can cause decomposition under prolonged exposure. It can mix with various organic solvents like ether, alcohol, and benzene.
Chemical Formula:
- Molecular weight: 165.85
- Melting point: -22.4 ºC
- Boiling point: 121 ºC
- Density: 1.62 (water = 1)
- Vapor density: 5.83 (air = 1)
- Vapor pressure (at 20 ºC): 18 millibars
- Solubility in water: 0.04 gr/100 ml
Tetrachloroethylene (PCE) is a halogenated hydrocarbon organic solvent characterized by strong solvency, low flammability, and high volatility. Its common applications include:
Dry Cleaning:
Tetrachloroethylene is the primary solvent used in traditional dry-cleaning industries. It effectively dissolves grease, pigments, and stains without damaging fabrics. Compared with petroleum-based solvents, its nonflammable nature enhances safety, though closed equipment is required to minimize vapor emissions.
Industrial Cleaning:
In the machinery manufacturing and electronics industries, pce tetrachloroethene is used for degreasing metal components, especially for cleaning precision instruments. It efficiently removes cutting oils, rust-preventive waxes, and other residues.
Chemical Intermediate:
Tetrachloroethylene also serves as an intermediate in the synthesis of refrigerants (such as hydrofluorocarbons, HFCs) and fluoropolymers like polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE).
Storage and Safety Considerations
Handling Precautions:
- Operate in a closed system with good ventilation.
- Wear a gas mask (half mask), chemical goggles, protective clothing, and chemical-resistant gloves.
- Keep away from heat and open flames.
- Use explosion-proof equipment and prevent vapor leaks.
- Avoid contact with alkalis, reactive metals, and alkali metals.
- Handle carefully to avoid container damage.
- Keep firefighting and spill emergency equipment on hand.
Storage Precautions:
- Store in a cool, dry, well-ventilated place.
- Keep away from oxidizers and food additives.
- Add stabilizers (e.g., hydroquinone) during storage.
- Keep containers sealed and away from air, heat, and flames.
- Do not store with alkalis, reactive metals, or edible chemicals.
- Equip the area with firefighting and spill response materials.
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