A review of recent advances on cyanidin-3-glucoside: the biotransformation, absorption, bioactivity and applications of nano-encapsulation.
Anthocyanins are a class of dietary polyphenols that exhibit technological and bioactive-relevant properties. C3G is absorbed in its unmodified molecular form in the upper digestive tract, goes through the extended first-passage metabolism and its metabolites enter the bloodstream. The C3G metabolites possess health benefits such as antioxidant, cardio-protective, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, and anti-thrombotic activities. However, the efficacy and distribution of C3G in the human body are restricted due to its low stability and bioaccessibility. Inspiringly, the lipid-, polysaccharide-, protein-, and nanocapsule-associated conjugates have achieved targeted delivery with enhanced bioaccessibility and controlled release. In this review, the absorption and transportation modes, decomposition and metabolism processes, functional activity mechanisms, and improved methods for enhancing the bioavailability of C3G are summarized. Moreover, the aspects of the gut microbiota regulation, C3G-mediated cytoprotection and different biocompatible materials applications are briefly discussed.
Cyanidin 3-glucoside (C3G) is a common compound found in plant-based diets with strong antioxidant properties. It is known for its ability to scavenge free radicals, reduce oxidative stress, and potentially offer health benefits such as anti-diabetic and anti-inflammatory effects.
Cyanidin-3-glucoside (C3G) (Fig. 4K) is a type of anthocyanin mainly found in black rice (Oryza sativa). C3G confers a positive treatment effect on diabetic complications, including cataracts and other oxidative stress-induced damage (Lee et al., 2014). Mechanistically, C3G inhibits NF-κB activation and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression, decreases apoptosis of lens epithelial cells, and ultimately alleviates clouding of the diabetic cataract lens (Song et al., 2020). To date, it is known that C3G is a flavonol that is protective in diabetic cataracts mainly via inhibiting the lens cell apoptosis.
Anthocyanin are predominantly found in the seed coat of dark colored legumes such as black soybean, common bean, cowpea, peanut, and lentils. Among other anthocyanin, cyanidin 3 glucoside is the major anthocyanin found in legumes. Beside the high antioxidant activity, anthocyanin from legumes have been reported exhibit anti-hypertension, anti-inflammatory, anticarcinogenic, antitumor, and antimutagenic activities. It also enhances spatial memory, enhances cognition, and inhibits LDL oxidation. Increase the consumption of legumes for human daily diet should be recommended due to their beneficial properties for health. Moreover, further research on the application or incorporation of legumes in snacks or other food products in industrial scale should be intensified in order to optimized the intake of anthocyanin and other bioactive compound in legumes.